Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Interview by Diego Oscar Ramos – 2009

Diego Oscar Ramos es argentino, vive en Buenos Aires. Trabaja comoperiodista, para medios gráficos de Argentina y el exterior, en tareas de redacción, producción, edición e investigación.


Valoriza la entrevista como arte de la conversación y herramienta poderosa de investigación. Considera esencial al estilo en la escritura periodística, con la convicción de que la forma es parte importante del contenido editorial.

Don Robertson: Musical Voyager

The creator of The Positive Music Movement has released a new album, Songs of Love and Joy, a combination of pop and classical music. In the 40th aniversary of Dawn, a record that mostly invented the new age genre, Robertson is developing what he calls digital symphonic music and uses the Internet as the best way to spread his creations.    

- It has been four years since our last interview and the discussion that we had about the Positive Music Movement. What is happening with the movement today?
- We held a fantastic concert at the United Nations in New York City on October 22, 2004. Since that time, however, the members of the movement have each been working and progressing on our own. Personally, I stopped promoting the Positive Music Movement in 2005 because I realized that very few people understood what we were talking about. 

- Why is that?
- There are several reasons. First of all, many people did not realize that when the members of the group talked about positive music, we are talking about the effect that music itself has through the property of resonance, and not about song lyrics. Many people have not yet recognized the true power of the harmonic structure of music on the mind, body, and spirit. Also, since I was the one who introduced the term “negative music” back in 1968, and have been talking about positive and negative music for 40 years, some people mistook my involvement in the positive music group as a means for me to condemn negative music, and to foist my own ‘brand’ of music on other people. They believed that I was waging a war against negative music, or even worse, that I was trying to force my “positive music” on everyone else. Then there are many others who just thought I was crazy, or something like that. I decided to let the music that I compose and that I promote speak for itself, instead of trying to further explain something that most people didn’t understand. Those who are interested in understanding me further, my writings - starting with my first articles on the subject that were published in my 1970 book Kosmon - will always available on the music education website that I started in 1997: www.DoveSong.com.

- This year is the 40th anniversary of your 1969 album called Dawn, recorded in San Francisco for Mercury Records' Limelight label. 
- Yes, you are right. The Italian label Akarma did a fantastic job of re-releasing my Dawn album on both vinyl and CD with beautiful accompanying booklets. The album has always had a cult following in Europe and I was happy to see such an exquisite release in Europe, where my music is so willingly accepted.

Diego: Why do you think that European people accept your music more than American?
- I think there are a number of reasons. One reason is that I am myself very influenced by European culture. I am esentially a classical composer, and classical music is just not strong in America. Also, there is still a very strong pop-classical musical tradition in Europe. The pop-classical artists that David Foster has been producing, Gosh Groban and Il Divo for example, are either European artists, or they sing quite a few covers of European songs. 

- The Dawn album was instrumental in the first presentation of your ideas about the polarities of positive and negative music, was it not? 
- Yes, that’s right. One side of the LP record focused on positive music... the other on negative music. I purposely created an album that expressed both polarities. On Side One I presented the positive polarity of music, opening the album with my "Dawn" piece in the natural pentatonic (five-note) scale that is common the world over – it is the most harmonious of all scales – along with a recitation from the ancient holy scriptures called the Upanishads. At the end of side one, my friend Marsha reads a quotation from the Chinese book I ching announcing the darkening of the light: this is the “link” to Side Two. Turn the record over and play side two and the music moves into the world of negative music. 

- What kind of music is this negative music?
- I had been working on two kinds of negative music… one for each of my lifelong musical ‘genres’: popular and classical. One of these kinds of negative music was what I call “duochordal contemporary classical music,” that represented the evolution of my classical side, and the other was “heavy metal music,” the evolution of my ‘popular’ side - although the term “heavy metal” had not yet been invented. I had been working on this dark heavy-metal music for about a year. The idea had originally come from the group Blue Cheer, who were the very first heavy-metal band. Interestingly, Blue Cheer’s producer and my producer were one and the same: the late Abe "Voco" Kesh, and they rehearsed in the rehearsal studio next to mine in San Francisco. Abe Kesh not only unleashed the first heavy metal album with Blue Cheer, the first new age album with me, he also started a revival in gospel music by making Edwin Hawkins’ song O Happy Day a hit record when he introduced it on his disk jockey program. I recorded my ultimate piece of heavy metal negative music, which I affectionately called The Bomb, in the Grateful Dead’s studio with their engineer Dan Healy. The music was so awful, so frightening, that when I went back into the control room after we had performed it, everyone in the control room, including my sister, was completely devastated… and my drummer had gone crazy… running around the studio naked, screaming. The Bomb was so negative that I was frightened to release it, so I only included a few seconds in two places on Side Two. 

Why did you call this album Dawn?  
- The title of the Dawn album was a purposeful play on my name, but it also referred to the dawning of a new age - an idea that I had picked up from reading Corrine Heline’s books about the healing properties of music. I had designed the front cover of the album to show me in black and white sitting on a pile of rubbish, with a beautiful sunrise, in full color, in the background….but the record company didn't get it right. However, I created a powerful collage for the back cover that provided a very powerful description of the opposites of dark and light: a visual description of sides one and two. This collage on the back of the album is even more descriptive today than it was then because of the polarization that has taken place in America during the past 40 years. The Dawn album was prophetic, I have to say. When the album first came out, I asked people which side they liked the most, and the answer was always unanimous: everyone liked Side Two, the negative side, the best. I knew that I was ahead of time, and so I told them all that it would be 30 years before anyone understood what the Dawn album was saying. And it took this long, actually 33 years, before it was re-released by Akarma Records in Italy.

Don, you have been talking about how you had two sides: one is classical music and the other is popular music. Can you explain more what you mean by these terms? 
- The popular music genre is the “music of the people,” you could say. Classical music is appreciated by a smaller number of people and is usually a more refined art. These two distinctions, popular and classical, exist in all cultures, as far as I have been able to determine. The popular music of my own American culture includes folk, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, gospel music... these are all 'popular' genres, the music for the many, and classical music, which originated centuries ago in churches, temples, mosques and courts, is music for the few. Most people do not relate to pure classical music. Theirs is the music of the popular genre. However, there is a position in the middle, where the two genres meet, and I call that the pop-classical musical genre. I have loved, listened to and played both pop and classical music all of my life, and so have many of today’s composers. That is because of the tremendous strength of 20th century’s popular music and the weakness of the 20th century European classical tradition that embraced so much discord. There has always been a mid-point where classical and popular music merge. For example, Brahms wrote his Hungarian Dances and they were so loved by so many people that their earnings supported him, making his time available to write symphonies and chamber music. And...these same Hungarian Dances were an inspiration to composers of popular music that followed him, Like the African-American composer Scott Joplin who wrote the famous Maple Leaf Rag. Then there are the many examples of popular tunes that were lifted from classical works. During our current time, where so many people have become tired of the music they are being fed by the five major corporations that control US media (and thus influence the entire world), that they have turned to new avenues of popular music, and pop-classical music is one of them, as evidenced by Josh Groban's 2007 Christmas album that was the best selling CD for that year.

- Back to positive music, you said that instead of trying to explain the difference between positive and negative music that you would let the music speak for itself. Will you talk about the different pieces of music that you have been creating?
- Absolutely. I have been very busy writing music and I have also been mastering and releasing albums of music that I had already composed, but had not released. 

- First of all, tell me about the albums that you hadn't released. Why hadn't you put them out before?
- Of my total of eight digital symphonies, I had released only the first two: Anthem and Starmusic… both on cassette. I had not released my third digital symphony, Celestial Voyager, composed and recorded in 1984 and 1985, because I did not have the means to complete its digital orchestration. Being symphonic, it needed more digital instruments than I was capable of producing with my Synclavier II computer instrument of that time. Over a decade later, after I had set up my second recording studio in 1998, I finished most of Celestial Voyager, but it wasn’t until late 2008 that I finally completed the entire symphony. The remaining five digital symphonies – numbers 4-8 - that I had composed between 1999 and 2003, I had not released because I could not find a record label that understood what I was doing.

- Why do you think was that?
- My music was just fuzzy to an industry that was so specialized genre-wise. My digital symphonies did not fit into the pre-conceived categories that had been established in the recording industry. Now I am releasing all my music on the Internet, on sites such as Amazon and iTunes. I am very happy that the Internet is breaking up the hegemony created by the handful of corporations that control entertainment in the USA.

- What new music have you composed, and is it different than the unreleased albums that you have been releasing?
- The albums from before 2003 that I am releasing are six digital symphonies – numbers 3 through 8, and I am happy that they are finally being made available for people all over the world to enjoy. 

- What do you mean by “digital symphony”?
- I use the term “digital symphony” to describe symphonic works that I have created using digital technology instead of a symphonic orchestra. I created eight digital symphonic works, then after completing Symphony No.8, I moved in a new direction.

- What was that direction? 
- I wanted to put words with my music. I am a writer as well as a composer, but I had rarely before combined my two expressions into a single work. In 2002, I began a serious study of lyric writing and the result was a book that I wrote with my wife Mary Ellen Bickford, songwriter Jim Peterick, and Dave Austin. It is called Songwriting for Dummies, and it has sold over 60,000 copies so far. My name is not on the cover because I volunteered to leave it off. That was because four author names were too many for the publisher. It's a very popular book here in Nashville, where I live… the “Song-Writing Capital of the World". My first compositions that incorporated words were my Three Sacred Songs for Piano and Choir that I wrote in 2003. It was natural for me to start with classical music songs first, as I had been composing digital symphonies for three years. Following that I wrote another classical choral composition called Thrushes in the Moonlight, a setting of Robert Frost’s poem Come In. Then, between the years 2004 and 2007, I worked on two projects simultaneously, one a pop music project, the other classical. The classical composition is a big choral work for orchestra and chorus called the Jubilation Mass. My new pop album, actually pop-classical, is called Songs of Love and Joy.

- Please tell me about Songs of Love and Joy. What inspired you and how did you choose the singers?
- This album is a direct result of my wife Mary Ellen and I moving to Nashville in 2003. Nashville is famous for being the home of country music, but musically it is much more than that. For me it is the music center of America. Talented composers, arrangers, singers and musicians from all over have been moving here over the past few decades and it has become much more than just the recording capitol for country music. That is because of the ever-increasing number of independent artists who live here, and the recording artists who come from all over the world to record in Nashville and to draw on the tremendous talent pool and recording studios. In fact, the recording industry has spread all over the city into hundreds of innocent-looking homes, and an amazing amount of music is being produced here in every conceivable genre. Because of this, Mary Ellen and I were able to produce my new album of pop-classical songs, Songs of Love and Joy. I created most of the album with my Apple MacPro computer using state-of-the art sampling technology. Then I invited my friends to join me at the Tracking Room and Wildwood Studios, two great studios, where we recorded vocals, and some live instruments.

- I have heard that some critics called your songs Disney songs. How do you feel about that?
- I feel great about that! My wife Mary Ellen and I consider Walt Disney to be one of the great artists of the 20th Century. This is a view that is slowly gaining acceptance as people are beginning to look back on the art and music produced during the last century and they see so much that is destructive. They are now realizing the accomplishment of this one man, Walt Disney. I am not talking about the Disney Corporation that exists today, which may well be the opposite of what Walt Disney envisioned, for all I know... that seems to happen to all great visions, but I am talking about the man I met in my childhood…who had traveled to Europe in 1935 where he collected over 350 books of art and folklore and sent them back to his studio in Southern California to incorporate them into what became the first works of art in a genre that he himself created: the animated film. The fact that Walt was extending the European art tradition as a basis for his vision was documented two years ago in the "Il était une fois, Walt Disney" exhibit that was presented at the Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais in Paris at the end of 2006. Walt knew how to mix pop with the classical, and was successful at doing it. He was a big influence on me during my childhood.

- Let’s turn to your classical side. Please tell me more about your Jubilation Mass. Why did you choose to set the catholic liturgy to music?
- The setting of the mass liturgy is one of the oldest forms of classical music, dating back more that ten centuries, and I have been a student of this tradition from Gregorian chant forward for almost forty years. Therefore it was a very natural thing for me to adopt the Latin text set by so many great composers through the centuries: from Josquin, Palestrina, and Victoria to Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, and Dvorak. My Jubilation Mass, however, belongs to a new era of classical music, that of the 21st Century... a context that, naturally, has only been evolving for less than a decade. My goal is for this work to be performed in churches, temples, mosques, schools, concert halls, and theaters all over the world, in every country. Sacred music need not be limited by religion and culture... its language is the universal language of spirit, not the dogmatic language of man. I have used a powerful text that has been the spiritual tool for centuries of Christians in Europe, and then I eliminated from the text all that I considered to be dogma. I want everyone to feel spiritually free with this spiritual music that I have written, just as I feel free spiritually with the chanting of Vedic hymns or while listening to the songs of Tagore or the passionate singing of Om Kulthum. 

- Do you feel that the Obama Era and the expectations of a worldwide change is a good time for positive music?
- There is no doubt that a tremendous change is taking place in the world today with the election of President Obama and the rejection by the American people of the policies of the previous administration. However, I don't look to politicians to solve problems. We all must participate in the coming needed global change… and the global economic crisis and climate activity is waking up many people to this fact. The lesson of the 20th century was that social and economic progress takes a toll on the planet and its resources. Every advantage that we have gained and every convenience that we have created for ourselves have had their price. Basically, we are now realizing that the gains of the 20th century were paid for with a gradual self-destruction, and this destruction is reflected and substantiated by the discords that became a part of both our popular and classical music. In the 21st Century, we have to part with the old ways. Each and every one of us is faced with the decision to adopt new ways of living to attempt to bring about a balance and harmony with nature and with each other. But before this planetary healing can take place, the music must change. We must go back to the teachings of Pythagoras and Plato and create our music using the harmonious building blocks of nature: the natural harmonic overtones that are inherent in everything, and we must rediscover the great music of all cultures and times…our planetary musical heritage.Because of the importance of music in everyone's lives, and because of the tremendous effect that music has on life itself, planetary change - which has become a requirement in this 21st century, if we are to survive - must begin with music. That is why I am writing both classical and popular music and encouraging the young generation of composers and songwriters, some as young as 12 years old, to be inspired to write great music and songs.

- And how are you accomplishing that?
- In 1997, Mary Ellen and I initiated a project called "Musical Kaleidoscope." I had been collecting valuable music for many years. The last decade of the project, ending in 2002, was dedicated to collecting rare recordings of America’s great popular spiritual heritage: gospel music. After we had built up a historical library of great recordings that specialized in European and North Indian classical music and both black and white gospel music, we dedicated an entire year to digitizing and photographing the collection. Little of the music-loving public has heard much of the great music that we have collected, and it is our intention to give it back to the world through the Musical Kaleidoscope project. Originally conceived of as a radio show, now the project is much more than that, encompassing video, vloging, and tweeting as well. I am very excited about sharing my own personal musical discoveries with the world. We will be launching the project's website www.musicalkaleidoscope.com within a year. We want to help bring the world's great music to the world. We will also begin publishing my composition studies to help young composers learn the craft of composing and songwriting not from rules, but by examining the works of the composers themselves... a level of education that has now become available because of the Internet: the greatest advancement in communication since the first printing of the Gutenberg bible.

Diego: Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I wish you the best.
-Thank you Diego. I wish the same for you also.



Monday, October 3, 2016

The Sacred Choral Music of the Renaissance (Part 5) - The Fifteenth Century (Part 2)

The 15th Century - Part Two
     Continuing the story from the previous article in this series, I would now like to introduce two more famous composers from the early part of the 15th century. Their names are Gilles Binchois and Antoine Busnois.

Gilles Binchois (ca 1400 – 1460)
Dufay and Binchois were represented in "Le Champion des dames," a poem by Martin le Franc (1410-1461) who penned the phrase contenance angloise, a term that affirmed that these two composers were inspired by the British composer John Dunstable who was the first composer to create the sound that dominated 15th-century music.

     Gilles Binchois was one of the most famous of the Franco-Flemish composers from the first half of the 15th century. He wrote secular songs of the highest order, and liturgical music as well. Little is known of his life, however. 
"De plus en plus" by Gilles Binchois

Antoine Busnois (ca 1430 – 1492)
     The secular song tradition that Binchois and Dufay (Part 4 of this series) began was continued by Antoine Busnois who, like Binchois, became very famous for his songs. His liturgical music, like Dufay's, filled European cathedrals of the time. 
"Missa O crux lignum triumphale" by Antoine Busnois

The Mass
     When we refer to a "mass" in Western classical music, we are referring to a setting of the five parts of the ritual of the mass in the Roman catholic church. These are the sections of liturgy that are present in almost all celebrations of the mass: the "Kyrie," the "Gloria," the "Credo," the "Sanctus" (and the connected "Benedictus") and "Agnus dei." Together these five liturgical texts are called the ordinary of the mass. This is invariable except for particular services such as those during holy week (the week before Easter) and in the celebration of the requiem mass (for the dead), which is a special kind of mass.
     When we listen to a "mass" composed by composers from the 14th century forward to the present day, it is usually these five separate liturgical texts sung in Latin (kyrie is a Greek word, however), set to the music from a particular composer, be he Machaut, Dufay, Palestrina, Monteverdi, Bach, Beethoven or even 20th-century's Igor Stravinsky. Renaissance composers started a trend of composing sets of five mass movements that contained similar musical material, to create unity among the five parts.
    During the past few centuries, the five mass movements together have become recognized as a complete musical composition using the name "mass." However, during the Renaissance period, composers created settings of the five mass movements to be included as a part of an overall liturgical service, a service that also contained prayers, lessons, and a reading of the gospel in addition to other parts, much of which were sung in Gregorian chant. The mass movements at that time were not performed outside of the surrounding liturgical service.
     During the 15th century, some very beautiful settings of the five sections of the mass ordinary were composed. During the following 16th century, composers will create a very large number of masses. The great 16th century composer Palestrina, who perfected the polyphonic mass, composed over 100 masses, a feat comparable to that of the great 18th-century composer Joseph Haydn who, while perfecting the symphonic and sonata forms, wrote 106 symphonies.
     I am a composer of a mass that I call "The Jubilation Mass," and it has its own website (JubilationMass.com). I wrote a multi-part article called "The Mass Through the Centuries" and I have hosted it on that site. I recommend reading that article if you are interested in more information about mass composition from the 15th century forward.

The Motet
     The motet is an harmonic liturgical music composition that was, like the mass movements, sung as a part of various services, replacing Gregorian settings of music for graduals, introits, offertories, antiphons... music that constituted the proper of the mass, and Gregorian chants sung in other services such as matins and lauds. The earliest extant motets were composed during the 13th century, when music was evolving from the earlier "organum" forms that I described in the second article in this series.
     Early fifteenth-century motets were mostly isorhythmic, employing repeated rhythmic patterns in all voices... patters that did not necessarily coincide with repeating melodic patterns. 

The Cantus Firmus
     As I explaned in the second article in this series, when composers began creating sacred music in an harmonic style, such as the organum, harmony parts were added to an existing Gregorian melody. This melodic line appeared as one of the parts, often in long note values, and provided a basis for music composition. It was called the cantus firmus (fixed melody) in writings dating from as far back as 1235.
    During the 15th century, the cantus-firmus provided the basis for motet and mass composition. By this time, however, secular melodies that were already beloved by the public also began to be used as a cantus firmus melody. 15th-century composers even employed popular songs as the cantus firmus for compositions sung during the singing of the mass, something that will eventually become an issue with the folks at the vatican. The most famous example is the melody "L'homme arme," a French dorian-mode secular song from the same era, whose melody was put to use by a number of composers as a cantus firmus, even including a young 16th-century Palestrina. The most famous example where this melody is employed as cantus firmus is the beautiful mass composed by Guillaume Dufay called the "Missa L'homme arme." There are over 40 different settings of the mass ordinary in existance, however.
L'Homme Arme

L’homme armé doibt on doubter.
On a fait partout crier
Que chascun se viegne armer
D’un haubregon de fer.
L’homme armé doibt on doubter.
The armed man should be feared.
Everywhere it has been proclaimed
That each man shall arm himself
With a coat of iron mail.
The armed man should be feared.

     Thanks to the wonder of technology, my readers, even those with only a rudimentary understanding of written music, can watch the following video, where the music score is synchronized with the music, and get the point that I am making about how a cantus firmus is integrated into a musical composition. In this video, the choir first sings the popular song "L'homme Arme" to familiarize you with the tune. Following this is the first movement of the mass, the "Kyrie." In the 5th measure, the melody, an embellished version already hinted at by the sopranos, is sung by the tenor voices. You will see the words "L'OMME L'OMME" in the score, indicating where the old secular melody begins (the "H" in l'homme is not pronounced). After this, there is a pause in the tenor voice as the music continues, and then the melody in the tenor continues for another few measures. The tenor voice works with the melody of the song throughout the mass. The words that are set to this melody are the liturgical words, not the words of the song:
"L'homme arme" melody and Guillaume Dufay "Missa L'homme arme" 

Fauxbourdon
     If you are new to 15th-century music, and specifically to the century's most famous composer Guillaume Dufay, you may sometimes feel the cold-as-steel-like quality in some of the music, showing its roots in the older style from the preceding century, where the focus was on the musical intervals of the 4th and 5th: the underpinnings of all harmony (see my book The Scale for a detailed explanation of this). This is especially evident in the 15th-century musical style known as fauxbourdon that Dufay used for the setting of hymns.
     At the beginning of the 15th century, as the Renaissance started to flower, English composer John Dunstable's influence caused the introduction of the 3rd and 6th musical intervals to become a part of European music composition, thus completing the musical triad, allowing perfect musical harmony to resonate from the halls and cathedrals of Renaissance Europe, as explained in Part 4 of this series. 
    The purpose of this type of harmonic innovation was to allow a more chordal setting of the melody. As an example, we turn to the famous Gregorian hymn dedicated to Mary, "Ave Maris Stella" (Hail, Star of the Sea"). Like today's hymns, those of the Renaissance contained poetic lines set to a repeating melody. Dufay's hymn settings alternated between the original Gregorian melody for odd verses and his own fauxbourdon setting for the even ones:
Hymn "Ave Maris Stella" with alternating verses composed by x G Dufay set in the 15th-century fauxbourdon style

     Wikipedia defines fauxbourdon as: "In its simplest form, fauxbourdon consists of the cantus firmus and two other parts a sixth and a perfect fourth below. To prevent monotony, or to create a cadence, the lowest voice sometimes jumps down to the octave, and any of the accompanying voices may have minor embellishments. Usually just a small part of a motet composition employs the fauxbourdon technique [however, entire stanzas are set in Dufay's hymn settings].


     "The top and bottom lines are freely composed; the middle line, designated 'fauxbourdon' in the original, follows the contours of the top line while always remaining exactly a perfect fourth below. The bottom line is often, but not always, a sixth below the top line; it is embellished, and reaches cadences on the octave." (Wikipedia)
     *
     And now at this point, we move ahead, toward the 16th century. In the next installment I will introduce the composers who followed in the footsteps of Johannes Ockeghem, whom we discussed in the previous article in this series, bridging the gap between the two centuries, moving toward the style that will dominate the 16th century - the golden era of Renaissance sacred music.

© 2016 by Don Robertson

Tuesday, September 20, 2016

The Sacred Choral Music of the Renaissance (Part 4) - The Fifteenth Century (Part 1)

Sacred Music in the 15th Century
"Kyrie" for three voices by Guillaume Dufay - A page from a manuscript created for Cambrai Cathedral.

     I first discovered the sacred choral music of the 15th century back in 1973. I was in Wichita, Kansas that summer, teaching classes in spirituality and using music in counseling seasons, where I was seeing first hand the wonderful results that uplifting music could bring to people with emotional and spiritual needs. 
     One young lady that I was working with was majoring in music at Wichita State University. I had just discovered the music of the great 15th-century composer Guillaume Dufay and we listened to a recording of one of his masses together. She was very surprised, as even as a music major, she had never before heard of 15th-century classical music. I made her a cassette tape of the mass and she began listening to Dufay's music in her home. Finding Dufay's music to be so beautiful, she soon told her college professor about it. She told me: "He just looked down his nose at me and with a scowl, he told me that this kind of music only belonged in a museum and should never be taken seriously, especially by a music student."
     Modern ears sometimes are quick to brand the music of this century to be too musty and cold. But after giving the music some full attention, it just might come alive, and new listeners may begin to realize its wealth of great beauty.
    
The Birth of the Renaissance
     The date that many writers give for the birth of the Renaissance period in European history to be around 1400. It is absolutely no coincidence that this is also the approximate date for the introduction of pure consonance in the sacred choral music of Europe. This introduction was courtesy of the English composer named John Dunstable (1390-1453), who added the consonant musical intervals of the 3rd and 6th to multi-voiced sacred music that during the previous century had been more restricted to the perfect forth and fifth intervals. Due to the tremendous resonant power that music has, adding the 3rd and 6th, which completed the harmony of the three-note chord called the triad, provided the basis for consonant harmony, resonating with the tremendous social change that accompanied the beginning of rebirth in Europe, already stimulated by the influence of the Islamic culture of Al Andalus (Spain) that I discussed in the first two articles in this series.


The Composers
John Dunstable (ca 1390 – 1453)


John Dunstable

     The polyphonic music style of the previous centuries had been based primarily on the root harmonic intervals of the perfect forth and fifth. What Dunstable did was provide his music with an abundance of what became known as the contenance angloise, balancing the interval of the perfect forth and fifth by adding the 3rd and sixth intervals. John Dunstable gave to European music the balance of music based on the musical triad (C E G). 
     John Dunstable was very famous, and his music very important. Most of his music has vanished, however, destroyed in the dissolution of the monasteries that occurred during 1536-1541, when Henry the Eighth destroyed catholicism in Britain.
     Here is an example of a sacred composition from 14th century, before Dunstable's revolution:
Sacred Music from 14th-century England

    This is an example of Dunstable's music:
"Quam pulchra es" by John Dunstable

Guillaume Dufay (ca 1400 - 1474)

Guillaume Dufay

     It was music from the Netherlandish countries, the area of Northern Europe now known as Northern and Eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, that the most important 15th-century music arose. This was the music of the Franco-Flemish School of composers who were joined by the visual artists who help create the great cultural movement of that time, producing some of our greatest works of art. 
    The following two paintings are among the most famous from the Franco-Flemish world during this time of great cultural achievement:  
"The Arnolfini Portrait" by Jan Van Eyck

"The Descent from the Cross" by Rogier van der Weyden

    (A great experience for me was the day that I spent in the Old Masters Museum in Brussels, where so many of these old paintings are on display. Already familiar with the music that at one time was coexistent with this art, the visit to this museum was a very special treat). 
    The greatest composer of the Franco-Flemish school was Guillaume Dufay, who created a music with an original style that will dominate the century. Gustave Reese, who wrote the monumental treatise of Renaissance music Music in the Renaissance, had this to say about the composer:
"Dufay -- one of the great exponents of French music, regardless of period… dominated the art of composition unchallenged from 1425 to 1450, when, though still at the height of his powers, he was approached in eminence by Ockeghem, the leader of a new generation."
     Dufay was one of the most famous men of his generation. He created an entirely new musical style that would influence musical composition permanently, affecting every genre and sphere. 

     We don't know where or when he was born, but we do know that he was Flemish and that he began his musical career as a singer in the Burgundian court, and that he was associated with the town of Cambrai in Belgium, which at that time was under Burgundian rule. He moved to Italy in 1420, however. He was already famous by the 1420s, having written two wonderful works: the secular “Adieu ces bons vins de Lannoys” (Goodbye to These Good Wines of Lannoys) and the sacred “Apostolo glorioso” (Glorious Apostle).
Secular song "Adieu ces bons vins de Lannoys" by Guillaume Dufay

Sacred motet "Apostolo glorioso" by Guillaume Dufay

    Dufay filled various positions in Italy, including membership in the Papal choir in Rome. At some point, he returned to Cambrai where he supervised the music at the cathedral, writting new music for its repertory. He died in 1474.

Johannes Ockeghem (ca 1410 - 1497)


Johannes Ockegham

     Johannes Ockeghem was born in the French-speaking province of Hainaut, in the town of Saint-Ghislainor according to recent research. He was the first chaplain for three French kings, and he held the prestigious position of treasurer at the great cathedral and monastery of St. Martin de Tours.
     Ockeghem's surviving musical output is small, consisting of only a few motets, fourteen masses, and a couple of dozen chansons. Unfortunately, what was most likely a large output of music has been destroyed, perhaps in the over one-hundred conflicts and wars that plagued Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Ockeghem was known as an accomplished master of compositional technique, famous for his complex lines and polyphonic structures. He wrote some very beautiful music.
The beautiful "Sanctus" section from Ockeghem's Missa Mi-Mi

The "Kyrie" from Missa Ecce ancilla Domini

This is an illuminated manuscript showing soprano and tenor parts for the "Kyrie" section of Ockeghem's Missa Ecce ancilla Domini featured in the video above.  The image of such a page of music shows not only the value that was placed on this composer's music, but also the important relationship between music and art during the 15th century. (Chigi codex housed in the Vatican library)


    I will concluded my presentation of the sacred choral music of the 15th century in the next article in this series.

©
 2016 by Don Robertson